Public as Creative Community
To view the 2006 draft, please click here.
2009 Draft (10/23)
The Public as a Creative Community
1. The development of the digitally networked environment and of information and communication technologies afford an unprecedented range of new opportunities for the public to directly participate as creative individuals and communities in the information society.
2. The proliferation of new publishing platforms and technologies, including – web pages, listservs, weblogs, social networks, multimedia online, search engines, virtual worlds, distributed computing, wikis, and other collaborative editing and publishing tools – popularly referred to collectively as “Web 2.0,” are the tools that enable the emergence of a dynamic creative community, but which also challenge the mechanisms of control over information flows embedded in older hierarchical distribution models.
3. The collaborative production of knowledge is essential to the public as a creative community and serves as a new social infrastructure where motivation and reward includes reputational benefits, social interaction, cultural exchange, and other incentives in addition to monetary compensation.
Freedom of Expression: to Speak, to Listen, and to be Heard
4. The freedom of expression of creators and their audiences as a community must be protected and preserved, and should not be subject to negotiation by the practices and policies of information intermediaries and major intellectual property holders without transparency and participation by the public.
5. The ability of persons to engage in anonymous speech and the right to read anonymously are fundamental to freedom of expression, and the right to protect confidential sources is essential to journalistic investigation.
Intellectual Property Rights Holders
6. Creativity in the information society constitutes the public’s right to engage ideas by making transformative use of existing expressions as the fundamental building blocks of culture in the digital age.
7. The evolution of copyright and technological progress should accommodate the development of a democratic culture rather than undermine it, in order to promote participation in culture and in the production and dissemination of creative works.
8. Terms of service of information intermediaries should provide clear and conspicuous notice of policies regarding the assignment of intellectual property rights of user generated contents hosted by the online service. Information intermediaries should offer the user a choice of licenses, including alternatives such as Creative Commons licenses.
9. The right to access and use creative works should not be unfairly or covertly restricted through the use of private agreements or technological protection measures, and should be subject to contractual negotiation or fair circumvention.
10. Copyright owners must evaluate the extent to which copyrighted materials are employed for purposes of comment, criticism, reporting, parody, satire, or scholarship, or as the raw material for other kinds of creative and transformative works before requesting removal of material.
11. Technologies that enable individuals to engage in substantial non-infringing access and use of creative works should not be prohibited by copyright and related rights because of their potential for illegal uses.
Creator Control of Content
12. Creators should be able to freely and openly negotiate fair and competitive terms in the licensing of their works with producers, distributors, advertisers, or other intermediaries.
13. Creators should be free to retain any of the rights in their work granted by law. Creators should also be free to waive any rights in their work allowed by law, without waiving all rights in their work.
14. Creators should be allowed to use and enforce licenses that protect interests in ensuring the promotion of a work’s dissemination, adaptation, or interoperation.
15. Creators should not, however, include licensing terms that are triggered arbitrarily, or that are at odds with any other communication or understanding between them and a user as to the nature of the parties’ rights in the copyright or in the fixed copy being used.
Information Intermediaries
16. Information intermediaries as corporate entities or as individuals should not be subject to civil or criminal liability for the activity of the users on its network, except for under those legal regimes where a notice and takedown system is instituted as an option for safe harbor from liability.
17. Information location tools and indexes may make intermediary and transitory copies in the operation of their services in order to make information accessible to the public.
18. Individual users should be able to transfer their personal data and their user generated content from one service to another competitive service without encountering technical obstacles, legal constraints, or contractual restrictions prior to termination of service.
Network Neutrality
19. Information intermediaries must not engage in any practices that discriminate against data based on source, content, or destination without a prior ruling by the judicial authorities, save when public security is threatened. Reasonable network management is only permissible if it furthers a critically important interest and is narrowly and carefully tailored to serve that interest.
20. Information intermediaries must behave fairly and transparently with regard to what content will not be hosted; and must not abuse their market power by discriminating against hosting content for anti-competitive or speech restrictive reasons.
Privacy
21. Information intermediaries should respect the privacy of their users, and must not intercept or record users’ transmissions beyond those administrative tasks necessary to ensure the operation of the network or service.
22. Services hosting personal information and user generated content should not retain a person’s data longer than is necessary to provide their services and must delete the information after administering the closing of an account or subscription.
23. Customer information should not be used for commercial purposes and shall not be sold or transferred to another entity without clear and conspicuous notice at the time of transfer.
24. Information intermediaries must not transfer personal data or user generated content to the government without a specified warrant, issued with probable cause and reasonable suspicion.
25. Information intermediaries should protect personal information and user generated content when enabling access to its services by third parties. There should be no access to such data without the prior consent of the user; the data should be effectively anonymized; the initial license to which the user agreed should apply to all subsequent transfers of the data.
26. Information intermediaries should not be mandated to disclose to customer information to complainants upon allegation of infringement in civil or criminal cases without a subpoena.
Due Process
27. Information intermediaries should implement dispute settlement mechanisms that preserve an individual’s right to be adequately notified of allegations of infringement, procedures for alleged infringers to contest the allegations, and a procedure to return content if it was removed through mistake, error, or abuse.
28. The use of filtering technology should not be used to automatically remove, prevent the uploading of, or block access to content unless the filtering mechanism is able to verify that the content has previously been removed.
29. Dispute settlement procedures must ensure that counter-notice and put-back policies are upheld and that an impartial person or panel makes the final decision over contested removal of material.
30. Networks and online services must apply principles of due process and proportionality in any private agreements they may have with potentially aggrieved parties to act upon allegations of infringement.
31. In complying with laws and voluntary policies, networks, online service providers, and other intermediaries must take steps to ensure the least amount of harm in the case of mistake or abuse of process.
The Public as Press
32. The public has a right to engage in reporting, commentary, criticism, and analysis of others’ content, including the use of excerpts of other works.
33. Individuals must be protected from frivolous or abusive threats and lawsuits that would limit or chill speech or the use or sharing of information, particularly in the context of commentary or criticism of important political, economic, or cultural figures or institutions.
34. Bloggers and other online publishers should not be liable for third parties’ comments on their pages. Immunity for online publishers should be extended to individuals in similar situations.
35. Individuals should have the same right to access to public information and attend public events with the same rights as mainstream media.
36. Individuals should be protected from employment termination or retaliation when they publish information online about the harmful activities of their employers for the public good.\
Access to Internet at Events
37. [Alternative 1
Open meetings, workshops, and conferences, particularly those of governmental and intergovernmental organizations, should provide online access for participants to facilitate real-time reporting by both individuals and traditional news organizations.]
38. [Alternative 2
For meetings, workshops, conferences, trade negotiations and other events, the organizers of events should provide appropriate opportunities for the public to obtain access to the Internet, either for free or at prices that are reasonable, in order to more fully participant in the event, and to communicate and publish reports, commentary and analysis of the event. Policies about Internet access at such events such be transparent and known in advance, and to the extent that there are provisions for Internet access, the public should have opportunities to participate, as an equal party to other participants.]
Draft of July 17, 2006:
1.The development of the Internet and other computing, audio, video and information technologies have opened up a wide range of new opportunities for the public to directly participate as creative individuals and communities.
2.Many of the most widely viewed web sites are those that point to, showcase or host works that are created and made available for free by the public.
3.The explosion of web pages, listserves, personal weblogs and other new publishing platforms and technologies, such as search engines and collaborative editing and publishing tools, are part of the rise of a new and dynamic creative community that will change society, and challenge older publishing models.
4.Intellectual property rules must be evaluated to determine if or how copyright and other norms will accommodate and these developments, in order to support rather than undermine the opportunities for more democratic, open and collaborative participation in the production and disseminations of creative works.
5.It is essential that the public have the opportunity to freely use world wide web hypertext links and other tools to point to information, and to make copies and use excerpts of other published works, in order to engage in criticism, commentary and analysis, and to design new technologies and methods to expand the power of collaborative creative efforts.
6.These rights should not be undermined by DRM measures.
7.The ability of persons to engage in anonymous speech is important, as well as the right to protect confidential sources.
8.Bloggers must be protected from frivolous or abusive threats and lawsuits by copyright owners, or others that assert limits of speech or the use or sharing of information, particularly in the context of reviews or criticisms of important political, economic or cultural figures or institutions.
9.Bloggers should not be liable for third parties’ comments on blogs. Immunity for online publishers should be extended to the public when engaged in that activity..
10.Bloggers must have the same right to access to blog from public events as to journalists from traditional news organizations.
11.The ability of the public to use web pages, blog, listserves and other platforms to address issues relating to whistle blowing . . .
12.All workshops and conferences should provide open wifi-connections for participants.
